Ceramic
Ceramic is the elementary material par excellence. For clay to become fired brick, all the elements need to interact: earth, water, fire, and air. This is probably why there is something demiurgic about the primeval matter clay – according to the biblical creation myth, God created Adam from a lump of clay. And in Greek mythology, Prometheus formed the human race from clay and brought it fire.
The firing process changes the properties of the soft, malleable substance: it becomes rigid, stable, and, if necessary, even weatherproof. This controllable process of transformation distinguishes ceramics from other natural building materials such as wood or natural stone.
Where available, clay was used as a building material across different cultures and eras, especially where wood and, above all, natural stone were not available. This holds true, for example, for northern Europe, where regionally confined architectural phenomena developed in the form of Brick Gothic or the Brick Expressionism of the Amsterdam School. Switzerland, on the other hand, was traditionally more characterized by architecture of cut stone, plaster, and wood. But even here there were clay pits (now largely exploited) that were used for the production of bricks and roof tiles.
The 19th century significantly changed the production processes. A handcrafted product became a standardized and mass-produced industrial product. Cheap transport by rail enabled distribution regardless of where it was made. But as early as 1900, people complained about the soullessness of the perfected but sterile mass-produced goods.
Most recently, building ceramics are again attracting increased interest. To be sure, in times of energy crisis, the energy-intensive manufacturing process is problematic. This is put into perspective, however, when the ceramic materials’ inherent potential for durability is taken into account (see the foldout flap at the beginning of this issue). Moreover, the great design advantage of architectural ceramics is that there is an infinitely varied spectrum of colors, shapes, textures, and patterns that can be used to create façades. And in view of the fact that handicraft as well as resource conservation and recycling have become eminently more important, another young generation of architects is now showing interest in clay, a material that can literally be worked with by hand.